05. Carajás, Palakila
ʻO KARAGAS ka mea hana nui loa o ka honua i ka hao hao, me nā mea i manaʻo ʻia he 7.2 bn tonnes.ʻO kāna Mine Operator, ʻo Vale, he loea Brazilian metala a me ka mining, ʻo ia ka mea hana nui loa o ka honua i ka hao a me ka nickel a hoʻohana i ʻeiwa mau hale wai hydroelectric.Hoʻohana ʻia ka maina e ka wai wai wai ʻo Tukurui kokoke, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea waiwai nui a me ka hana hydroelectric mua loa e hoʻopau ʻia ma ka wao ua Amazon.Aia naʻe ʻo Tkuri ma waho o ka mana o Vale.ʻO ka hao hao ʻo Karagas he mea makamae ma ka lei aliʻi o Vale.Aia i loko o kona pōhaku he 67 pākēneka hao a no laila ke hāʻawi nei i ka ʻeleʻele kiʻekiʻe loa.He 3 pākēneka o ka ululāʻau aupuni Brazilian holoʻokoʻa, a ua kūpaʻa ʻo CVRD i ka pale ʻana i ke koena 97 pākēneka ma o ka launa pū ʻana me ICMBIO a me IBAMA.Ma waena o nā papahana hoʻomohala hoʻomau ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Vale i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻai e hiki ai i ka hui ke hana hou i 5.2 miliona mau tona o ka ʻeleʻele maikaʻi loa i waiho ʻia i loko o nā loko huelo.
kikokikona wehewehe:
Mineralo nui: hao
Mea hana: Vale
Hoʻomaka: 1969
Hana makahiki: 104.88 miliona tons (2013)
04. Grasberg, Indonesia
ʻIke ʻia no nā makahiki he nui ʻo ia ka waihona gula nui loa o ka honua, ʻo ka waihona gula Glasberg ma Indonesia he waihona gula porphyry maʻamau, nona nā mālama i manaʻo ʻole ʻia i ka waena o 1980s, ʻaʻole a hiki i ka ʻimi ʻana ma 1988 ma PT Freeport Indonesia i ʻike ʻia loaʻa nā waihona waiwai nui e ʻeli ʻia nei.Ua manaʻo ʻia kona kumukūʻai ma kahi o $40 biliona a nona ka hapa nui o Freeport-McMoRan me ka hui pū ʻana me Rio Tinto, kekahi o nā pilikua nui loa o ka honua.He unahi kū hoʻokahi ko ka lua a ʻo ia ka lua gula kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua (5030m).He lua hāmama kekahi hapa a ma lalo o ka lepo.E like me 2016, ma kahi o 75% o kāna huahana e loaʻa mai mai nā lua lua.Hoʻolālā ʻo Freeport-McMoRan e hoʻopau i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi umu ahi hou ma ka mea kanu ma 2022.
kikokikona wehewehe:
Mineralo nui: Gula
Mea hana: PT Freeport Indonesia
Hoʻomaka: 1972
Hana makahiki: 26.8 tons (2019)
03. Debmarine, Namibia
He mea kū hoʻokahi ʻo Debmarine Namibia no ka mea ʻaʻole ia he mine maʻamau, akā he ʻano o nā hana mining offshore i alakaʻi ʻia e Debmarine Namibia, kahi hui hui 50-50 ma waena o De Beer Group a me ke aupuni Namibian.Ua hana ʻia ka hana ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Namibia a ua hoʻonohonoho ka hui i ʻelima mau moku e kiʻi i nā daimana.I Mei 2019, ua hoʻolaha ka hui hui e hoʻomohala a hoʻomaka i ka moku hoʻolaʻa daimana maʻamau mua o ka honua, e hoʻomaka ana i ka hana ma 2022 ma ke kumukūʻai o $ 468 miliona.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Debmarine Namibia ʻo ia ka waiwai waiwai nui i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻoihana daimana moana.Hoʻokō ʻia nā hana mining ma o ʻelua ʻenehana koʻikoʻi: ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe ea a me nā ʻenehana mining-type crawler.Hiki i kēlā me kēia moku o ka ʻauwaʻa ke ʻimi, ʻimi a nānā i ke kai, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana wili hou no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana.
kikokikona wehewehe:
Mineralo nui: daimana
Mea hana: Debmarine Namibia
Hoʻomaka: 2002
Hana makahiki: 1.4 MILLION CARATS
02. Morenci, US
ʻO Moresi, Arizona, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hana keleawe nui loa o ka honua, me nā mea i manaʻo ʻia he 3.2 biliona tons a me kahi mea keleawe o 0.16 pakeneka.He kuleana nui ko Freeport-McMoRan ma ka mine a he 28 pākēneka ko Sumitomo i kāna mau hana.Ua hana ʻia ka lua lua mai ka makahiki 1939 a ua hoʻopuka ʻo ia ma kahi o 102,000 tons keleawe keleawe i ka makahiki.Ma lalo o ka ʻāina i ʻeli mua ʻia, ua hoʻomaka ka mine i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka lua lua i ka makahiki 1937. ʻO ka MORESI Mine, kahi mea koʻikoʻi o nā hana pūʻali koa US i ka wā o ke kaua, aneane pālua ʻia kāna hana i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II.ʻElua o kāna mau mea hoʻoheheʻe kahiko i hoʻopau ʻia a hana hou ʻia, ʻo ka lua o ka mea i hoʻopau i ka hana ma 1984. I ka makahiki 2015, ua hoʻopau ʻia kahi papahana hoʻonui mea kanu metallurgical, e hoʻonui ana i ka hiki o ka mea kanu ma kahi o 115,000 tons i kēlā me kēia lā.Manaʻo ʻia ka mine e hiki i 2044.
kikokikona wehewehe:
Mineralo nui: Copper
Mea hana: Freeport-McMoRan
Hoʻomaka: 1939
Ka hana makahiki: 102,000 tons
01. Mponeng, Aferika Hema
ʻO ka MPONENG Gold Mine, aia ma kahi o 65 km komohana o Johannesburg a kokoke i 4 km ma lalo o ka ʻili o Gauteng, ʻo ia ka waihona gula hohonu loa o ka honua ma nā pae honua.Me ka hohonu o ka maina, ua hiki aku ka wela o ka ili Pohaku ma kahi o 66 °C, a ua paila ia ka hau hau iloko o ka lepo, e hoemi ana i ka ea ma lalo o 30°C.Hoʻohana ka mine i ka ʻenehana hoʻokele uila e hoʻonui i ka palekana o nā miners, kōkua ka ʻenehana i ka wikiwiki a me ka hoʻomaopopo pono i nā limahana o lalo o ka ʻike palekana pili.Na Anglogold Ashanti a hoʻohana i ka maina, akā ua ʻae ʻo ia e kūʻai aku i ka hale i Harmony Gold i Pepeluali 2020. Ma Iune 2020, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻo Harmony Gold ma mua o $200m no ke kālā i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waiwai MPONENG nona ka AngloGold.
kikokikona wehewehe:
Mineralo nui: Gula
Mea hana: Harmony Gold
Hoʻomaka: 1981
ʻO ka hana makahiki: 9.9 tons
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Feb-22-2022