10. Escondida, Kile
Ua māhele ʻia ka ʻona o ka mine ESCONDIDA ma Atacama Desert ma ka ʻākau o Chile ma waena o BHP Billiton (57.5%), Rio Tinto (30%) a me Mitsubishi-alakaʻi hui hui (12.5% hui ʻia).Ua helu ka mine i 5 pakeneka o ka hana keleawe honua ma 2016. Ua hoʻomaka ka emi ʻana o ka huahana i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, a ʻōlelo ʻo BHP Billiton i kāna hōʻike 2019 e pili ana i nā pono o ka maina i hāʻule ka hana keleawe ma Escondida i ka 6 pakeneka mai ka makahiki kālā i hala a hiki i 1.135. miliona tona, he emi i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo ia ka mea i wānana ka hui i ka emi ʻana o 12 pakeneka o ka pae keleawe.I ka makahiki 2018, ua wehe ʻo BHP i ka mea kanu desalination ESCONDIDA no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mines, a laila ka mea nui loa i ka desalination.Ke hoʻonui mālie nei ka mea kanu i kāna mau hana, me ka wai desalinated e helu ana i ka 40 pakeneka o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai o ka mea kanu ma ka hopena o ka makahiki kālā 2019. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka mea kanu, i hoʻomaka ʻia e hoʻomaka i ka lawe ʻana i ka hapa mua o 2020, ua loaʻa. he hopena koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mine holoʻokoʻa.
kikokikona wehewehe:
Mineralo nui: Copper
Mea hana: BHP Billiton (BHP)
Hoʻomaka: 1990
Ka hana makahiki: 1,135 kilotons (2019)
09. Mir, Rusia
ʻO ka lua wili daimana ʻo Siberia i kekahi manawa ka lua daimana nui loa ma ka Soviet Union mua.He 525 mika ka hohonu o ka lua hamama a he 1.2 kilomita ke anawaena.Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā lua eli nui loa ma ka honua a ʻo ia ka pōhaku kihi o ka ʻoihana daimana Soviet kahiko.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka lua hāmama mai 1957 a i 2001, ua pani ʻia i ka makahiki 2004, wehe hou ʻia i ka makahiki 2009 a neʻe i lalo.I ka manawa i pani ʻia ai i ka makahiki 2001, ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻopuka ka maina i $17 biliona waiwai o nā daimana koʻikoʻi.ʻO ka mine wili Siberian, i kēia manawa e Alrosa, ka hui daimana nui loa o Rūsia, e hana ana i 2,000 kg o nā daimana i ka makahiki, 95 pākēneka o ka hana daimana o ka ʻāina, a ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomau ka hana a hiki i ka makahiki 2059.
kikokikona wehewehe:
Mineralo nui: daimana
Mea hana: Alrosa
Hoʻomaka: 1957
Ka hana makahiki: 2,000 kg
08. Boddington, Australia
ʻO ka lua ʻo BODDINGTON ka lua gula nui loa o Australia, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka lua super kaulana (Feston open-pit) i ka wā i hoʻomaka hou ai i ka hana ma 2009. ʻO nā waihona gula ma Boddington a me Maanfeng kāʻei ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma Western Australia he mau waihona gula maʻamau.Ma hope o kahi ʻoihana hui ʻekolu ma waena o Newmont, Anglogoldashanti a me Newcrest, ua loaʻa ʻo Newmont i kahi kuleana ma AngloGold ma 2009, a lilo i mea nona hoʻokahi a me ka mea hoʻokele o ka hui.Hoʻopuka pū ka maina i ka keleawe sulfate, a ma Malaki 2011, ʻelua wale nō makahiki ma hope, ua hana ʻo ia i ka 28.35 tons gula mua.Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Newmont i ka papahana hoʻopau kalapona ulu lāʻau ma Burdington i ka makahiki 2009 a kanu ʻo 800,000 mau lāʻau horsepower ma New South Wales a me Western Australia.Manaʻo ka hui e komo kēia mau lāʻau ma kahi o 300,000 tons kalapona ma luna o 30 a 50 mau makahiki, ʻoiai e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka paʻakai o ka lepo a me nā biodiversity kūloko, a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i ko Australia's Clean Energy Act a me Carbon Agriculture initiative, ua hana nui ka papahana papahana i ke kūkulu ʻana. o na mina uliuli.
kikokikona wehewehe:
Mineralo nui: Gula
Mea hana: Newmont
Hoʻomaka: 1987
ʻO ka hana makahiki: 21.8 tons
07. Kiruna, Suedena
ʻO ka lua ʻo KIRUNA ma Lapland, Suedena, ʻo ia ka lua hao hao nui loa ma ka honua a ua hoʻonoho maikaʻi ʻia e nānā i ka Aurora Borealis.Ua ʻeli mua ʻia ka lua i ka makahiki 1898 a ke hoʻohana ʻia nei e ka mokuʻāina ʻo luossavara-kiirunaara Aktiebolag (LKAB) , kahi hui eli Suedena.ʻO ka nui o ka lua hao Kiruna i alakaʻi i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Kiruna e hoʻoholo i ka makahiki 2004 e hoʻoneʻe i ke kikowaena o ke kūlanakauhale ma muli o ka pilikia e hoʻopololei i ka ʻili.Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka makahiki 2014 a e kūkulu hou ʻia ke kikowaena o ke kūlanakauhale ma 2022. I Mei 2020, ua hiki mai kahi ōlaʻi ma ka nui o 4.9 ma ka mine shaft ma muli o nā hana eli.E like me ke ana o ka mine seismic monitoring system, epicenter hohonu ma kahi o 1.1 km.
kikokikona wehewehe:
Mineralo nui: hao
Mea hana: LKAB
Hoʻomaka: 1989
Ka hana makahiki: 26.9 miliona tons (2018)
06. Ilio Ulaula, US
Aia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Arctic o Alaska, ʻo ka mine Red Dog ka lua zinc nui loa ma ka honua.Hoʻokele ʻia ka mine e Teck Resources, nāna e hoʻopuka i ke kēpau a me ke kālā.ʻO ka mine, kahi e hana ai ma kahi o 10% o ka zinc o ka honua, e manaʻo ʻia e hana a hiki i 2031. Ua hoʻohewa ʻia ka maina no ka hopena o ke kaiapuni, me kahi hōʻike o ka United States Environmental Protection Agency e ʻōlelo ana ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i nā mea ʻona i ke kaiapuni ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. hale hana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.ʻOiai ua ʻae ke kānāwai Alaska e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wai ʻino i loko o nā ʻoihana kahawai, ua kū ʻo Tektronix i ke kānāwai ma 2016 ma luna o ka pollution o ka muliwai ʻo Urik.Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻae ka United States Environmental Protection Agency iā Alaska e wehe i ke kahawai ʻo Red Dog Creek a me ICARUS mai kāna papa inoa o nā wai haumia loa.
kikokikona wehewehe:
Mineralo nui: Zinc
Mea hana: Teck Resources
Hoʻomaka: 1989
ʻO ka hana makahiki: 515,200 tons
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Feb-22-2022